CRISPR guide RNAs program Cas9 nuclease to cut genomic DNA at a specific location. Once the double-strand break (DSB) occurs, the mammalian cell utilizes endogenous mechanisms to repair the DSB. In the presence of a donor DNA, either a ssDNA oligo or a plasmid donor, the DSB can be repaired precisely using HDR resulting in a desired genomic alteration (insertion, removal, or replacement).

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